[39] Once they began their courtship, Ryan was reluctant to marry Nixon; they dated for two years before she assented to his proposal. Nixon was the youngest member of the committee and the only Westerner. Publicly, Nixon said his strategy was a combination of negotiating and Vietnamization. Nixon secured the nomination on the first ballot. [190] In 1970, Congress had granted the president the power to impose wage and price freezes, though the Democratic majorities, knowing Nixon had opposed such controls throughout his career, did not expect Nixon to actually use the authority. Nixon hoped that one day the United States, the Soviet Union, western Europe, China, and Japan would coexist peacefully and trade together to their mutual benefit. - 400,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died The President did not reveal any of this to the American people. He painted himself as a man of modest means (his wife had no mink coat; instead she wore a "respectable Republican cloth coat") and a patriot. "[83] The speech prompted a huge public outpouring of support for Nixon. [106] While Kennedy faced issues about his Catholicism, Nixon remained a divisive figure to some. These losses caused Nixon to contemplate leaving politics once he had served out his term. A breakthrough came in early 1971, when Chinese Communist Party (CCP) chairman Mao Zedong invited a team of American table tennis players to visit China and play against top Chinese players. - China was worried about soviet American detente, - China is the real winner they continued to pose a threat to Taiwan, North Vietnam won and Chinese patronage dominated, - Nixon was worried about growing Soviet power, the stability of Germany and the cost of the arms race After intensive negotiations between National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese Foreign Minister Le Duc Tho, the two sides reached an agreement in October 1972, and Kissinger announced, Peace is at hand. But the South Vietnamese raised objections, and the agreement quickly broke down. Foreign Policy: Evaluating Nixons and Eisenhowers Use of Power Nixon was able to use powers to make successful gains within the cold war abroad, yet had trouble working with others at home. WebRichard Nixon's Top Domestic and Foreign Policy Achievements See President Richard Nixon's top accomplishments in the arenas of domestic and foreign policy. In January 1945 he was transferred to the Bureau of Aeronautics office in Philadelphia to help negotiate the termination of war contracts, and received his second letter of commendation, from the Secretary of the Navy[50] for "meritorious service, tireless effort, and devotion to duty". [102], In 1960 Nixon launched his first campaign for President of the United States. Having first served as Vice-President to President Dwight Eisenhower during the 1950s, he won the Presidential elections in 1968 and No words can describe the depth of my regret and pain at the anguish my mistakes over Watergate have caused the nation and the presidency, a nation I so deeply love, and an institution I so greatly respect. Some people are different. He maintained close relations with the Cuban-American exile community through his friend, Bebe Rebozo, who often suggested ways of irritating Castro. Following a series of low-level diplomatic contacts in 1970 and the lifting of U.S. trade and travel restrictions the following year, the Chinese indicated that they would welcome high-level discussions, and Nixon sent his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, to China for secret talks. Ford eventually agreed, and on September 8, 1974, he granted Nixon a "full, free, and absolute pardon", which ended any possibility of an indictment. [209] Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist Wallace and liberal Democrats, whose support of integration was alienating some Southern whites. In the spring of 1970, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces attacked North Vietnamese sanctuaries in Cambodia, which prompted widespread protests in the United States; one of these demonstrationsat Kent State University on May 4, 1970ended tragically when soldiers of the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd of about 2,000 protesters, killing four and wounding nine. Nixon used many risky strategies in order to improve the relationship between the US and the communist countries. The process was not completed before the Soviets began expanding their base at the Cuban port of Cienfuegos in October 1970. [116], In 1964, Nixon won write-in votes in the primaries, and was considered a serious contender by both Gallup polls[117][118] and members of the press. Nixon was born into a poor family of Quakers in a small town in Southern California. [145] A formal banquet welcoming the presidential party was given that evening in the Great Hall of the People. [166] After years of fighting, the Paris Peace Accords were signed at the beginning of 1973. But some At his hotel, Nixon faced another mob, and one demonstrator spat on him. - Nixon was re-elected in November 1972, then he bombed and mined Haiphong again over Christmas, What happened in 1973 in relation to Vietnam, - The peace agreed in January 1973 was the same as that negotiated by Kissinger in Oct 1972 and Johnson 1968, - A cease fire As part of his "New Federalism" views, he proposed grants to the states, but these proposals were for the most part lost in the congressional budget process. [87] Nixon attended Cabinet and National Security Council meetings and chaired them in Eisenhower's absence. WebRonald Reagan, unlike Nixon, was more self-contained. Nixon welcomed the astronauts of Apollo XI home safely from the moon and oversaw every successful moon landing while in office. Eisenhower was unable to perform his duties for six weeks. His work on the Alger Hiss case established his reputation as a leading anti-Communist, which elevated him to national prominence, and in 1950, he was elected to the Senate. The historic 1972 visit by President Richard Nixon to the People's Republic of China marked a strategic diplomatic effort to warm relations between the two Cold War [287] He was taken to New York HospitalCornell Medical Center in Manhattan, initially alert but unable to speak or to move his right arm or leg. [324] In one conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Nixon said that Washington was "full of Jews" and that "most Jews are disloyal", making exceptions for some of his top aides. [172], Nixon engaged in intense negotiations with Brezhnev. Nonetheless, Nixon acted in Eisenhower's stead during this period, presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power. Following the announcement of his visit to China, the Nixon administration concluded negotiations for him to visit the Soviet Union. - Nixon also secretly promised billions in aid to secure the settlement, Emphasising national interest rather than legalism and moralism in foreign policy, Vietnamization where South should fight their own battles. [19] He played junior varsity football, and seldom missed a practice, though he rarely was used in games. [21], At the start of his junior year in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School. [168], Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy during the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Nixon ushered in a new era of judicial restraint by appointing four Supreme Court Justices: Chief Justice Burger, Chief Justice Harry Blackmun, Chief Justice Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist, who was later appointed to Chief Justice by Ronald Reagan. [145] More than a hundred television journalists accompanied the president. The Arab-Israeli conflict was not a major focus of Nixon's attention during his first termfor one thing, he felt that no matter what he did, American Jews would oppose his reelection. The vice president welcomed the president's initiatives and worked energetically to accomplish White House objectives. The rapprochement with China, undertaken in part to take advantage of the growing Sino-Soviet rift in the late 1960s, gave Nixon more leverage in his dealings with the Soviet Union. At the same time, he assured U.S. allies that the United States would continue to use its nuclear arsenal to shield them from nuclear threats. [204], As one policy initiative, Nixon called for more money for sickle-cell research, treatment, and education in February 1971[205] and signed the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act on May 16, 1972. The agency oversaw the passage of the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act and the Mammal Marine Protection Act. - Detente was undermined by Watergate, AQA A Level History: The American Dream, real, DIFFERING VIEWS IN SOCIALISM - SOCIALISM IN A, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - THIRD WAY, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - SOCIAL DEM, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - REVOLUTION, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Practical 11 (locomotor): Comparative Locomot. - In March the communists attacked South Vietnam. It was, in fact, because of the tremendous drain of the Vietnam War on U.S. resources that Nixon created the doctrine. The work has been hard, and I have had to study virtually all the time. [68] Downey, faced with a bitter primary battle with Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas, announced his retirement in March 1950. [80], Eisenhower gave Nixon more responsibilities during his term than any previous vice president. [161] Nixon's responses to protesters included an impromptu, early morning meeting with them at the Lincoln Memorial on May 9, 1970. He considered it an enemy of the United States. [44][45], In October 1942, after moving his home of record to Alexandria, Virginia, he was given his first assignment as aide to the commander of the Naval Air Station Ottumwa in Iowa until May 1943. The major difference between Nixons and Reagans presidency was the ability of Reagan to communicate with American people. The bill was weakened in the Senate, and civil rights leaders were divided over whether Eisenhower should sign it. Yet even in a spirit of historical revisionism, no simple verdict is possible. [42] He was assigned to the tire rationing division, where he was tasked with replying to correspondence. Scott and Goldwater told the president that he had, at most, only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate, far fewer than the 34 needed to avoid removal from office.[245]. [169], The election of Marxist candidate Salvador Allende as President of Chile in September 1970 spurred a vigorous campaign of covert opposition to him by Nixon and Kissinger. He always tried to follow every existing policy, not letting anything out of his hands. In honor of the POWs returning home from Vietnam, Nixon hosted the largest reception in White House history. Eulogists at the Nixon Library ceremony included President Bill Clinton, former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole, California Governor Pete Wilson, and the Reverend Billy Graham. What was the out come of what happened in 1970? [236] On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned for reasons unrelated to Watergate: he was convicted on charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering during his tenure as governor of Maryland. [127] He soon instituted phased U.S. troop withdrawals,[158] but also authorized incursions into Laos, in part to interrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail passing through Laos and Cambodia and used to supply North Vietnamese forces. - Mao Zedong was a communist leader, - Nixon relaxed restrictions on Sino -American trade 1969-70 He was absolutely right in thinking that the key to effective policy outside the country is the health and success within the country. Nevertheless, he appointed more women to administration positions than Lyndon Johnson had. And it's not necessary for them to know."[326]. [8], Nixon's upbringing was influenced by Quaker observances of the time such as abstinence from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. The US was also perceived to have lost the war disastrously and Nixon gained little by delaying the withdrawal. Egypt attacked Israel in 1973 Salvador Allende, elected in 1970. Nixon and Kissinger believed that strengthening Irans military would stabilize the Middle East, thereby protecting not only Irans oil supply but also the oil reserves of all countries bordering the Persian Gulf. Nixons most significant achievement in foreign affairs may have been the establishment of direct relations with the Peoples Republic of China after a 21-year estrangement. "[325] Elsewhere on the 1971 recordings, Nixon denies being antisemitic, saying, "If anybody who's been in this chair ever had reason to be antisemitic, I did And I'm not, you know what I mean?"[325]. What was US intervention in Arab-Israeli war? Truman, Eisenhower & Nixon Doctrines: Understanding [104] His Democratic opponent was John F. Kennedy and the race remained close for the duration. Nixon refused to consider contesting the election, feeling a lengthy controversy would diminish the United States in the eyes of the world and that the uncertainty would hurt U.S. These included paper and microfilm copies that Chambers turned over to House investigators after hiding them overnight in a field; they became known as the "Pumpkin Papers". He claimed that in order to prevent armed conflicts, the USA and the Western countries should try to cooperate with the Muslim world, instead of confronting it (McGovern 167). Nixon and China: 50 Years Later The Diplomat What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term and for his resignation. Nixon dedicated a $100-million to begin the war on cancer, a campaign that led to the creation of national cancer centers and antidotes that helped fight the deadly disease. [195] The controls produced food shortages, as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss. If I need them to take a certain perspective, I can count on the fact that they will do it intelligently and convincingly. Nixon signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, helping to calm U.S.-Soviet tensions by curtailing the threat of nuclear weapons between the worlds two superpowers. [132] It is not clear whether the government of South Vietnam needed encouragement to opt out of a peace process they considered disadvantageous. [184], Because Israel's victory was largely due to U.S. support, the Arab OPEC nations retaliated by refusing to sell crude oil to the U.S., resulting in the 1973 oil crisis. Upon his return to the U.S., Nixon was appointed the administrative officer of the Alameda Naval Air Station in California. His handling of the Vietnam War can be considered Nixon was more successful in other foreign policy initiatives. [29] Nixon kept his scholarship, was elected president of the Duke Bar Association,[31] inducted into the Order of the Coif,[32] and graduated third in his class in June 1937. [145], Nixon and Kissinger immediately met for an hour with CCP Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou at Mao's official private residence, where they discussed a range of issues. [9] Four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in medieval or legendary Britain; Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. That medicine is usually prescribed to treat and prevent seizures, but in Nixon's case it was for depression. Some people think it's good therapy to sit with a close friend and, you know, just spill your guts [and] reveal their inner psychewhether they were breast-fed or bottle-fed. [145] Americans took their first glance into everyday Chinese life through the cameras that accompanied Pat Nixon, who toured the city of Beijing and visited communes, schools, factories, and hospitals. [62], Nixon first gained national attention in August 1948, when his persistence as a HUAC member helped break the Alger Hiss spy case.

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