alaska native ivory

Baleen can also be decorated with etching, incorporated as a decorative motif in ivory carvings and jewelry, and used to make miniature ships and dioramas. If you are in doubt, please ask to see proper identification, which could include but is not limited to a Bureau of Indian Affairs card or tribal enrollment card from a federally recognized Alaska tribe. Artists who use walrus ivory are an example of the interconnectedness between Alaska Native culture, natural resources and economic viability. At the age of six, Ben carved his first piece of walrus ivory a seal that took about a week to complete. New ivory has three layers just like human teeth: an outer (enamel), middle (dentine), and inner core. The Russian American Company in Sitka Alaska represents a large number of the finest producers of traditional Arctic Alaska native ivory carvers. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal government site. (20% off), Sale Price $1,100.00 From handmade pieces to vintage treasures ready to be loved again, Etsy is the global marketplace for unique and creative goods. If you were a little too jolly with your holiday spending, here are some tips to help you pay down your credit card debt. Ivory- D. Uglowook, Ivory & Baleen, & Bone, Totem, Walrus, Owl, Whale, Ptarmigan. Fish and Wildlife Service. The brochure also offers consumer tips on purchasing and transporting authentic Alaska Native ivory artwork, educational facts on ivory types and sources, and information on the Eskimo Walrus Commission. Learn more about the responsible, traditional and legal use of walrus ivory. In one version of the scam, you get a call and a recorded message that says its Amazon. Yes, but only beach found ivory tagged by USFWS within 30 days of finding. Queen of Copper Mountain, Stone Flower and Malachite Chest, The Snow Queen by Hans Christian Anderson, Alaska Eskimo Baleen Sailboat | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Walrus Ivory Mask | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Small Walrus Ivory Seal by Andrew Rookok | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Baleen Whale Tail - large | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Walrus Tuck with Carving | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Whale by Charles Slwooko | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Small Beluga Whale on Ivory Base | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Sea Otter by Carson Slowooko | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Walrus Ivory Fowl | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Cormorant on Ivory Base | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Cormorant by Hubert Kokuluk | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Seals Cribbage Board by Carl Pelowook | Alaska Native Ivory Carving, Diving Bowhead Whale | Alaskan Ivory Carving, Swan by Elvin Noongwook with Base | Alaskan Ivory Carving. For further information, contact one of the U.S. It serves as an objective, scientific resource for identifying the most commonly found ivories and artificial substitutes in trade. Traditional Alaskan native art is highly collectable, the stable of artists dwindling, and the ivory carvers of the Bering sea well represented in museum collections around the world. If youre thinking about buying an Alaska Nativemade art or craft item, invest a little time in learning about the processes and materials Alaska Natives use to make these unique and beautiful objects. Skip to content Search. (Taken from Arts of the Bering Strait Region: The Economic, Social, and Cultural Role of Traditional Art and Crafts prepared by McDowell Group and published by . Not all authentic Alaska Native arts and crafts items carry a state certified tag. Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. Take full advantage of our site features by enabling JavaScript. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. Those that do may display a Silver Hand symbol which features a silver hand and the words, "Authentic Native Handicraft from Alaska." Sellers looking to grow their business and reach more interested buyers can use Etsys advertising platform to promote their items.   United States   |   English (US)   |   $ (USD). We also carry a wide variety of alaska made jade , ivory , arctic opal and alaska gold nugget jewelry, fur hats , Fur accessories , fur coats , fur Mittens , earmuffs , fur slippers , fur mukluks , fox fur , beaver fur , wolf fur , as well as Native arts , native masks , native spirit wheels , Ulu Knives . Fish & Wildlife Service ePermits website, Wildlife Inspector-Anchorage International Airport, Yes, but must be tagged by USFWS within 30 days. She explains how walrus and their ivory tusks are priceless in more ways than one. This Walrus Ivory is Alaskan native collected and carved. For more information please contact the following offices: Working with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. Export requirements are different for modern ivory versus fossil ivory. Watch for qualifiers like "ancestry," "descent," and "heritage." This will differ depending on what options are available for the item. Stanley (Atiitiga Qawiagraq) Tocktoo was born and raised in Shishmaref. However, she believes there is much more to carving ivory than profit theres a real connection to it. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. The message says theres something wrong with Its Cyber Security Awareness month, so the tricks scammers use to steal our personal information are on our minds. All Rights Reserved. The .gov means its official. Daryl Kingeekuk loves his life in Savoonga and the traditional lifestyle found on St. Lawrence Island in northwestern Alaska. Native Alaskans have been using bone and ivory from walrus, mammoth and other animals for thousands of years as tools, utensils, weapons, and even armor. In these communications pieces, WWF is referring to elephant ivory when using the term "ivory," unless otherwise specified. Mammoth or mastodon ivory, which is rare and more expensive, may be used by Alaska Natives and non-Alaska Natives alike. His first carving was a polar bear made of walrus ivory. While many of the items on Etsy are handmade, youll also find craft supplies, digital items, and more. Real stone is cool to the touch; plastic is warm. Media Mail delivery is usually 6-8 weeks. Found something you love but want to make it even more uniquely you? The Walrus is Alaskas treasure. One of those scams was 8 Figure Dream Lifestyle, which touted a proven business model and told Scammers are calling people and using the names of two companies everyone knows, Apple and Amazon, to rip people off. Yes, (Alaska Native peoples may also make and sell authentic walrus ivory handicrafts). For Daryl, walrus is life and gives life. All rights reserved. If you plan to harvest, possess, or transfer walrus ivory, please familiarize yourself with important dos and donts. Shop Now I C U Free Shipping ON All ITEMS Made in Alaska 100% Guarantee Buy Direct From Artists Easy Returns No Questions Asked Owl Pendent $ 58.00 Add to cart Small Moose SOLD $ 100.00 Add to cart Ptarmigan Pendent $ 95.00 Add to cart Small Moose and Calf Sold $ 150.00 Add to cart Living in Anchorage helps her keep her shipping costs down for people buying her work. Unfortunately, this way of life is in danger, an unintended consequence of walrus harvests being wrongly associated with illegal poaching of elephants for ivory. Native Alaskan Silver and Ivory Jewelry. Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. What to do about unwanted calls, emails, and text messages that can be annoying, might be illegal, and are probably scams. Promotions, new products and sales. No, it is illegal to sell, trade, or barter sea otter or polar bear hides or unaltered skulls and claws to non-Native people. One of the easiest ways that anyone can support bird habitat conservation is by buying duck stamps. Ivory has three distinct forms here. Ivory carving remains a strong tradition passed through generations reaching back millenia. Original Price $807.85 If youre not satisfied, report it to. Youll see ad results based on factors like relevancy, and the amount sellers pay per click. Price, traditional materials, and appearance provide important clues. WWF recognizes that Indigenous Peoples are among the Earths most important stewards of natural resources. Please note that although Alaska native ivory carvings are legal to own in the US, they cannot be shipped to many foreign countries. Alaska Native people have been responsibly and respectfully harvesting walrus for centuries. It's the sellers responsibility to make sure that the buyer or recipient is a qualified Alaska Native person. Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. For thousands of years, the people depend on the walrus for what it provides- the meat, the oil, the skin, the intestines and the ivory. Ask if your item comes with a certification tag. We invite you to come to Alaska and see first-hand the Alaska Native ways of life. We respect Indigenous and traditional Peoples human and development rights and recognize the importance of conserving their cultures. To learn more about Alaska Native arts and crafts, contact: Alaska State Council on the Arts 411 West 4th Avenue, Suite 1E Anchorage, AK 99501-2343 907-269-6610; fax: 907-269-6601 Toll-free: 1-888-278-7424 education.alaska.gov/aksca Where to File a Consumer Complaint WALRUS IVORY Pacific walruses are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. Alaska Native dollsreflect unique styles, and may depict traditional activities, such as berry picking, hunting, fishing, dancing, and basket weaving. Mammoth or mastodon ivory, which is rare and more expensive, may be used by Alaska Natives and non-Alaska Natives alike. 1250 24th Street, N.W. These types of ivory are not covered by the US federal elephant ivory banalthough they may be subject to other trade regulations (such as CITES). Alaska Native peoples who reside in Alaska and dwell on the coast of the North Pacific Ocean or the Arctic Ocean may harvest marine mammals for subsistence purposes or the creation and sale of Native articles of handicraft or clothing, providing the harvest is not wasteful. Fish and Wildlife Service Wildlife Declaration Form 3-177should be completed prior to taking any personal marine mammal product out of the country, even if it is intended that the same person will bring it back. "The Alaska Native Ivory brochure is intended to highlight the aesthetic, cultural, and economic importance of Alaska Native ivory carving, particularly in the Alaska Native coastal communities, and to help delineate between walrus ivory and the ban on elephant ivory," states IACB Vice Chairperson Rose Fosdick (Nome Eskimo Community). Before you buy a carving, learn about mediums artists commonly use. Here are some ways to shop wisely: It can be hard to tell arts and crafts produced by Alaska Natives from items that are imitations. Walrus ivory can have breathing cracks or thin black lines that occur naturally, and may darken with age. If states continue banning walrus ivory which is legally sold by Alaska Natives he fears many will no longer be able to financially support and feed their families. Make smart shopping decisions, know your rights, and solve problems when you shop or donate to charity. Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. Start small, then add on. This ship stands all on its own. This Alaska Native Ivory brochure was created through collaboration between the Eskimo Walrus Commission, the Alaska State Council on the Arts and others. When someone is amazed by his work or is successful because of the tools he carved, Travis is inspired to do more and further perfect his craft. Fish and Wildlife Service Wildlife Declaration Form 3-177 should be completed prior to taking any personal marine mammal product out of the country, even it is intended that it will be brought back by the same person. Before you purchase Alaska Native art or craftwork, please be sure that you are buying an authentic Alaska Native made product.. Polishing these objects alone does not qualify as significant alteration.. They were successful and his brother said Daryl was good luck. Learn more about COVID-safe travel to the Last Frontier. World Wildlife Fund Inc. is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax ID number 52-1693387) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Growing up, he learned a lot through experience and by watching others. Through our traditional way of life others will recognize and understand us., -Paul Joe, Sr. Once there, enter ivory in the search bar. Today Alaskan artists use these same raw materials in their carvings and other scrimshaw artwork. Around the Arctic many remote Indigenous communities depend on walrus for subsistence purposes. Sun bleached, dried marine mammal intestine, which is white or slightly yellowed and looks like wax paper, is sometimes used for clothing. Walrus ivory can have "breathing cracks" or thin black lines that occur naturally, and may darken with age. Born and raised in Nome, Alaska, Hannah (Asaapuk Mukuluk) Alowa ow calls Anchorage, Alaska her home. ALL PRODUCTS Apparel & Accessories ALL APPAREL & ACCESSORIES . Amy Parsons, third from left, poses with her family during Cheyenne Frontier Days in 2014. Outstanding work by five additional Alaska Native ivory carvers drawn from the IACBs Southern Plains Indian Museum collections, as well as from project partner University of Alaska Museum of the North collections, also complement the publication. Authentic Alaska Native handicrafts made from sea otter or polar bear parts may be exported to a foreign country. The name, address, and telephone number of the seller. (There are pre-act unaltered heads that may be sold lawfully. Tradition Carved Through Time Watch on 0:00 / 1:01 Those who live in the coastal regions of Alaska rely heavily on walrus for food, clothing and cultural traditions. The IACA is a truth-in-advertising law that prohibits misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native art and craft products within the United States. Its also home to a whole host of one-of-a-kind items made with love and extraordinary care. Ancient walrus ivory, which can be black, blue, or red, is dug up or found, and can be carved by non-natives. Those who live in the coastal regions of Alaska rely heavily on walrus for food, clothing and cultural traditions. Alaska Native artists also produce baskets, dolls, and prints from a range of material. It is hand carved with beautiful detailing and uses of color from the baleen. To enable personalized advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. Original Price $39.99 Federal law prohibits sales of African elephant ivory, but six states have now banned the sale of ivory more broadly. DHP Gifts of The Bering Sea - Alaska Native Ivory, FAQ /Shipping & Returns / Ivory from Alaska is a popular and expensive medium used by Alaska Native carvers. How to protect your personal information and privacy, stay safe online, and help your kids do the same. Stone also tends to be heavier than plastic. Search for volunteer opportunities around the country, News about wonderful wild things and places, FWS is taking steps to mitigate climate impacts, Search employment opportunities with USFWS, Office of Law Enforcement, Wildlife Inspectors Office. If in a hurry for your book(s), please select Priority Mail or First Class. CAMAI! Fish & Wildlife Service ePermits website. Walrus are culturally, spiritually, and economically important for these communities, and the tusks are often carved into jewelry and artwork. She carved her first walrus figurine when she was 10-11 years old after watching her granddad. The brochure cover features the Identities sculpture by renowned St. Lawrence Island Yupik master artist Susie Silook. For thousands of years, Alaska Native carvers utilized Pacific walrus, fossil mammoth, and mastodon ivory to produce a large variety of tools to help them survive the difficult and often. Our global marketplace is a vibrant community of real people connecting over special goods. $646.28, $807.85 His favorite tools used in his beadwork include a washing maching motor and a piece of wood with a nail embedded in it tools he says are necessary to shape the beads. It is illegal to sell trade or barter marine mammal parts in their natural unaltered form to a non-Native person. Tour routes of great scenic drives on National Wildlife Refuges. Possess authentic Native handicrafts made from walrus ivory? Dont see this option? Fish & Wildlife Service, Law Enforcement Office (see below for contact information). She wishes she could show him what she is doing with his pieces and how she is committed to not letting his styles fade away. Like Tweet Pin it Fancy Email. Fossilized ivory and walrus ivory carvings created by Alaska Natives are the focus of a renewed public relations campaign to stress to other states that there is no ban on legally obtained Alaska ivory artifacts and art pieces. Raw ivory is ivory from a Pacific walrus that has not been significantly altered from its natural form into an authentic Native article of handicraft or clothing. Share. Set where you live, what language you speak, and the currency you use. Doll clothes and bodies may be made from a variety of materials, including cloth fabric, fish skins, calfskin, reindeer horn, and arctic rabbit, musk ox, wolverine, beaver, badger, or wolf fur. Here you can meet real Alaska Native ivory carvers and hear their stories, gain access to facts and data, download shareable resources and learn more about how to get involved. Hannah turned carving from a hobby into a business a couple of years ago. Daryl appreciates that his community works as one together, similar to the proverb, It takes a village to raise a child. His first whale harvest was around the age of five or six with his older brother. You should explain to them that it is illegal and show them this fact sheet. In Ralphs village of Shishmaref, many of his neighbors make their income from selling their artistic carvings and jewelry. Originally born in King Island, Joe (Anatuq) Kunnuk moved 90 miles southeast to Nome in 1956 where he continues to live today. $1,100.00, $1,250.00 Here, you can purchase from a vast collection of beautiful ivory pieces that include jewelry, free-standing art, and even commission your own custom pieces. Heres how it works Alaska is famous for the rugged beauty of its mountains, rivers, and coastlines, as well as for the distinctive arts and crafts produced by Alaska Native artists. Despite his health issues, Hannahs granddad continued to carve. The Alaskan native cultures are the only ones allowed to subsistence hunt walrus for food; and as they have for thousands of years they utilize the whole animal, nothing goes to waste, and the ivory tusks have always been used as a carving medium to fashion art, jewelry, and practical implements. However, it may require a CITES pre-convention certificate for import or export. (15% off), Sale Price $16.80 Yes, but only those who dwell on the coast, No, (harassment of Pacific walruses is also prohibited). Alaska Native Ivory (29 Results) Vintage Native American Alaskan Muskox Bone Necklace WhiteCliffs (168) $249.99 The Kunik - Alaska Native Inupiaq watercolor painting SalmonberryDreams (494) $10.00 Native American Ritual Spoon Abalone Inlay Indian Carving Tlingit Haida Alaska Art Indigenous Art Handmade Carved Shaman Christmas Gift This type of data sharing may be considered a sale of information under California privacy laws. As part of the Alaska Native people's cultural value of no waste, the inedible parts of the walrus are used to make boats, tools, clothing, spiritual items and artwork. Alaskans make. Alaskan ivory carvings are not only gaining a bad rap from a ban on elephant ivory. Absolutely! Etsy is powered by 100% renewable electricity. To learn more about Alaska Native arts and crafts, contact: Alaska State Council on the Arts 411 West 4th Avenue, Suite 1E Anchorage, AK 99501-2343 907-269-6610; fax: 907-269-6601 Toll-free: 1-888-278-7424 education.alaska.gov/aksca Where to File a Consumer Complaint Exporters should inquire about foreign import restrictions, since some countries may not allow the importation of handcrafts made with certain species. The stand is 4" x 1.25". Alaska Native arts and crafts are sold online and in person through tourist stores, gift shops, art galleries, museums, and cultural centers. Please contact USFWS OLE for questions). Shipping policies vary, but many of our sellers offer free shipping when you purchase from them. Fish and Wildlife Service's Marking, Tagging, & Reporting Program prior to sale. No, it is illegal to sell unaltered walrus skulls, head mounts, tusks, or oosiks (penis bones) to non-Natives. However, before they are sold, tusks must be tagged through the U.S. . Renowned Ivory Carver, Hooper Bay, AK. In addition to the walrus ivory, these carvers often use whale baleen, whalebone, and walrus bone to enhance their creations. In her 2016 testimony for the field hearing of the Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Fisheries, Water and Wildlife, WWF Arctic Program Managing Director Margaret Williams said, WWF encourages state governments to consider the federal approach in their state-by-state regulations and to engage with Alaska Native subsistence users when considering potential regulations along these lines in order to avoid unintended outcomes.. He wonders how his ancestors, thousands of years ago, were able to cut ivory straight in half without any kind of handsaw or leaving sawing/cutting marks in the ivory. Directly to your inbox. Elephant ivory and walrus ivory arenotthe same. Authentic Alaskan Hand-Carved Ivory Shipped To You Shop Now THE COLLECTION Welcome to local Alaska Native artist Dennis Pungowiyi's online store. This creates confusion and prevents purchases which hurts Alaska Native artists and their small communities. Some items that appear to be soapstone carvings may actually be made of resin. For example, to advertise Tlingit Carvings, the carvings must be made by someone who is either a member of the Tlingit tribe or a descendant of a Tlingit tribal member and certified in writing by the Central Council of Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska as a non-member artisan. Hannah inherited many pieces of ivory from her granddad after he passed. Ivory and Bone. Use left/right arrows to navigate the slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile device. Travis still remembers the smell from the carving room, it was unique and exiting. Appearance - Try to pick up and examine a piece before purchasing it. Under direction of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the U.S. As a child, he watched is uncle carve a polar bear and wanted it to do it some day. Hand carved art pieces by Alaskan Native Artists. Matching Game- A. Rolfe, Fireside Herbs, What's Up Now? Sea otter and polar bear hides or skulls and claws must be fashioned into authentic Native handicrafts (significantly altered from their natural form) before they may be sold or transferred to non-Native people. In the United States, Alaska Native peoples practice of harvesting marine mammals such as Pacific walrus, and utilizing their parts for handicrafts, is protected by federal law. It is the sellers responsibility to make sure that the buyer or recipient is a qualified Alaska Native. We also created 2.6 million jobs in the U.S.enough to employ the entire city of Houston, TX! If the person persists in asking, you may report them to the U.S. Walrus are culturally, spiritually, and economically important for these communities, and the tusks are often carved into jewelry and artwork. WWF often communicates about ivory in our effortsto end unsustainable poaching of elephants for their tusks. The subsistence use of Pacific Walruses and other marine mammals by Alaska Native peoples and the ability to create and sell authentic Native handicrafts are recognized under the Federal Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Walrus skulls, head mounts, tusks, or oosiks must be fashioned into authentic Native handicrafts (significantly altered from their natural form) before they may be sold to non-Natives. * Alaska's walrus populations are co-managed by the Eskimo Walrus Commission and the U.S. *As defined by the Marine Mammals Protection Act of 1972. An official website of the United States government. Parsons was recently chosen to be the new president of Colorado State University in Fort Collins . Three states have banned sales of all ivory within their borders and recently Etsy banned all sales of products from its website, legal or not. Sale Price $646.28 Good news! Heres what you need to know about these calls. Does shopping on Etsy help support small businesses? Native Northwest Coast Art; Andy Everson; Indigenous Cards; Judi Wild; Limited Edition Prints; Watercolor Prints by Kana Yamasaki; Trickster Cards; Native Alaskan Drums; Etsys 100% renewable electricity commitment includes the electricity used by the data centers that host Etsy.com, the Sell on Etsy app, and the Etsy app, as well as the electricity that powers Etsys global offices and employees working remotely from home in the US. To learn more and download a free copy of the Alaska Native Ivory brochure, please visit this, Stewarding Conservation and Powering Our Future, Toggle Dyslexia-friendly black-on-creme color scheme, Houston Area Man Sentenced for Selling, Mailing Counterfeit Native American Goods, Two Western Washington artists plead guilty to illegally misrepresenting their work as Indian Produced, Sioux Indian Museum to Present, Behind the Lens: Inside the Life of John Anderson. U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20240. Under Add your personalization, the text box will tell you what the seller needs to know. Hand carved art pieces by Alaskan Native Artists. Payment Methods, 2023 by Ceramic-Studio. Tanning alone is not considered significantly altered. Bone masks are made from the vertebrae or disk of whales, and range in color from light tan to dark brown. Youve probably heard: this holiday season, it might be harder to find the gifts youre looking for. )* and may only be harvested by coastal dwelling Alaska Natives. So, many of us might be looking for alternatives, like buying gifts locally or maybe from online marketplaces or sites you find through your social media accounts, online ads, or by searching Youve opened all your gifts, and now its time to open those post-holiday credit card statements. Fish and Wildlife Service offices on the contact list below. However, the exporter must first obtain a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) permit from the U.S. Looking for alternatives for your holiday shopping? $33.99, $39.99 With powerful tools and services, along with expert support and education, we help creative entrepreneurs start, manage, and scale their businesses. The IACB promotes the production, sale, and protection of authentic Alaska Native and American Indian art and craftwork through its three museums and special exhibition programs, online, Bering Strait Arts and Crafts Facebook group. It was such a customary tradition that he hadnt seen cash until he was a teenager. Fine Russian Arts, Crafts & Gifts since 1980. Candidate Conservation Agreements (CCA & CCAA), Coastal Barrier Resources Act Project Consultation, Coastal Barrier Resources System Property Documentation, https://www.fws.gov/beach-found-marine-mammal-parts-alaska, U.S. WWF encourages decision makers to contact these co-management entities prior to enacting any legislation affecting use and sale of walrus ivory. Alaska Native peoples may sell or trade authentic Native handicrafts created from marine mammal parts to non-Native people. Type of materials - Materials often used by Alaska Native artists include walrus ivory, soapstone, bone, alabaster, animal furs and skin, baleen, and other marine mammal materials. A U.S. The ivory with the stand is about 2.5" tall. Thats the law. The carving and etching of walrus ivory has a long history in Alaska Native communities. For modern ivory, only ivory that has been made into an authentic Native handicraft may be exported to a foreign country.

Joe Pistone Daughters, How To Keep Decorative Hay Bales From Falling Apart, What Are The Two Types Of Primary Safeguarding Methods?, Andy Beshear Approval Rating, Crusaders Fc Players Wages, Articles A