our lady of guadalupe debunked

Claim: In August 2017, NASA scientists declared that Mexico's "Our Lady of Guadalupe" artifact is "living." This is particularly the case for the petition to Rome made in the 1660s. Maria Alava, 50, of Union City, N.J., who She appeared on a hill where indigenous people had previously worshiped the goddess Tonantzin, so in a sense people could feel that they were continuing this kind of veneration. After the appearance of Our Lady of Guadalupe, millions of indigenous people converted to Catholicism. [2] LAtlas Marianus de Wilhelm Gumppenberg. He collected them in his cloak (tilma). According to tradition, she filled his cloak with roses and left an image of herself on it. This has united all the Hispanic communities, Mr. Roque said as he stood by the tree Sunday morning, accepting the thanks of several worshipers. Its the true one.. This feast day commemorates Marys appearance to Saint Juan Diego in 1531 at Tepayac, a It is at this point in the text that Francisco de Siles indicates what in all probability was the reason for the audacious petition and what buoyed them with the hope of success before the papal court. Since youre a frequent reader of our website, we want to be able to share even more great, As a frequent reader of our website, you know how important, Cardinal McElroy responds to his critics on sexual sin, the Eucharist, and LGBT and divorced/remarried Catholics, Cardinal McElroy on radical inclusion for L.G.B.T. As a scientist, I feel that God has hidden much in our world for us to find, examine, and understand. As a frequent reader of our website, you know how important Americas voice is in the conversation about the church and the world. In response, members of a group standing vigil around the tree said they had gathered 5,000 signatures on a petition demanding that the tree stay put. According to lore, in 1531 the mother of God appeared to a peasant named Juan Diego We dont want Satan! Ms. Cole, 57, shouted in Spanish as a 90-year-old woman with a long-stemmed white rose walked up and hit Mr. Domenech on the head and shoulders with the flower until three police officers asked him to move along. People who create sites like those claim we believe the most absurd things but it's interesting how they try to dissaprove what we believe in the w Dozens of vases with brilliantly colored floral bouquets, and many more votive candles, sit beneath the leaves. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. No one who has looked into the archives in Rome has been able to find anything. The history is a summary of the events of the apparitions followed by a minute description of the image itself. Please visit ourmembership pageto learn how you can invest in our work by subscribing to the magazine or making a donation. WEST NEW YORK, N.J. Dante Domenech held his leather-bound Bible in front of him on Sunday morning and shouted at the throng of people kneeling, making the sign of the cross and weeping at the base of a Ginkgo biloba tree with a strange knot that they believe resembles the Virgin Mary. A Journal of the McGrath Institute for Church Life, by Stephen M. Metzger In 1985, forensic analyst John F. Fischer and I reported all of this evidence and more in a folkloristic and iconographic investigation of the Image of Guadalupe in Skeptical Inquirer. A procession of the faithful from @stjuandiegolib9 honoring #VirginofGuadalupe #OurLadyofGuadalupe - even in the snow + cold! The second time, the bishop asked for proof. In August 2017, two links circulated on social media that suggested that NASA had announced it had deemed Mexico City'sOur Lady of Guadalupe tilma (a cloak or mantle made of cactus fiber upon which her face is said to be imprinted) to be "living", in that the image reacts to outside stimuli. Remember you told me to pray to that lady? she recalls the boy saying. Check out some of the. Is it true the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe has the same temperature as a human body? Matachines, or spiritual dancers, dressed in colorful attire representing their parishes or Mexican states, venerate her in public observances, which are mostly now outdoors and under health protocols. And when it was by words she spoke in Nhuatl through Juan Diego who later translated, he said. Furthermore, ther are no portratits that I have ever observed which are executed in a similar manner. Misioneros columbanos reparten alimento a diario a 600 personas en espera de cruzar a EEUU. [Related: Guadalupes Legacy: How a 486-year-old vision of Mary in Mexico continues to influence the church]. Carmen Lopez, of Passaic, N.J., noticed the knot on July 5 while car-pooling to her job at a perfume factory in Edison, N.J. She brought it to the attention of two priests, the West New York police and finally the mayor. According to lore, in 1531 the mother of God appeared to a peasant named Juan Diego on a hill near present-day Mexico City and asked that he build her a shrine. qB!s,- ovPQ4i]!5P@'%zwbB$lVFD^9!U(e +o%4wI,Tx|'(@>Oy`g;q=49I)uUxNCHn%q+%V 'W\eCV!mu^MA.X~ZP+Dg\z ] #ENdTJ|[IUFj'm3&G8c8 fS>NP R83F\/uNh,$'K \A!)dy.47,T\-e8Ik! Your source for jobs, books, retreats, and much more. Within the house was an image of the Virgin and Child, that tradition said had been carved and painted by Luke the Evangelist. But it was not the flowers, unexpected as they were, that drew the Franciscans attention. [2] Not surprisingly, given this situation, not a single one of these cults enjoyed recognition in the general Roman calendar, and certainly not one that concerned an apparition or a specifically associated holy image. Noonan, Peggy. 1989. Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Together, the viral items suggested that indeed a discovery of some sort had taken place in early August 2017: The Matrix Drops link was not published in 2017, but instead dates back to at least 2015. Maria Alava, 50, of Union City, N.J., who works at a butcher shop in Manhattan, snapped photographs after Mass on Sunday. In a letter leaked to the press, the former abbot of the basilica in Mexico City, Guillermo Schulenburg, warned Pope John Paul II not to canonise Juan Diego, a native American whose vision of the Virgin 500 years ago was decisive in converting Latin America to Christianity. Castillo, author of Black Dove: Mama, Mijo, and Me, said that feminists and activists for social justice still look to this centuries-old icon as a source of inspiration. "Miraculous Image Of Guadalupe." That image the name Guadalupe comes from a shrine has long been a powerful religious and cultural symbol that resonates among immigrants and children of immigrants in the United States. Elaine Ayala is a journalist based in San Antonio, Texas. December 10, 2021. One of these organizations is the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. She is on calendars, and used by gang members and prisoners who tattoo her image across their backs, said writer Ana Castillo. A shrine was indeed built, and from these humble beginnings, the devotion to the Virgin of Guadalupe among the Nahuas slowly but steadily spread, gaining in popularity so that by the middle of the seventeenth century it had firm support even among the clerical elite of Mexico City and rivaled, eventually surpassing, the devotion to Our Lady of Los Remedios in the Valley of Mexico. She is the brown-skinned virgin mother who evangelized millions, especially in Latin America and the United States. The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe has played a role in historical events. They could be completely disproved today, and it would matter nothing to me. With the exception of witness statements that were taken in early 1666 in response to the Holy Sees request for more information, no documents have been thought to survive. Among the thousands of volumes provenant from the Chigi princes library, and especially those connected to the personal collection of Pope Alexander VII (Fabio Chigi, reigned 1655-1667) is a small manuscript with a text written in Latin under the unassuming title of an historical narration of the image of Guadalupe.[6] This text is bracketed by two woodcut engravings that reproduce the image, the first at the dramatic moment of revelation and the second a faithful reproduction of the image as a whole. the procession wound its way through Manhattans Chelsea neighborhood, the marchers reciting novenas, or prayers, singing songs, and drawing a mixture of curious and confused looks. Vandals couldnt destroy it, and numerous storms couldnt harm it, but the shrine to Our Lady of Guadalupe in Passaic finally came down on Wednesday after 14 unauthorized years at the corner of Hope and Madison avenues. Nevertheless, the history of the apparitions of Guadalupe written by Francisco de Siles in 1663 is an important witness to a bold attempt by officials of a colonial church to win universal recognition for their avocation of the Blessed Mother. The Franciscan bishops never treated him badly, on the contrary, he treated him with affection as well as with a lot of respect, and much dignity, Chvez said. The picture was also examined with a stethoscope, at which time scientists found a heart rate of 115 at her belly, corresponding to a pulse rate of a fetus. WebWhen he opened his cloak, the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe was miraculously present on the tilma. This was all well and good, and nothing particularly out of the ordinary. Mel, Personally, I don't really have feelings one way or another about the various 'miracles' of Guadelupe, Lordes, etc. When I think about them (w Special envoy for investigation in Honduras in 2016. New Jersey. We therefore celebrate the feast day of Our Lady under the title of Guadalupe on December 12th. We can't do it without youAmerica Media relies on generous support from our readers. But it is a very explainable peice of art. The Pope has visited the shrine, and in 1990 beatified Diego, the first step to making him a saint. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Does the Virgin of Guadalupe float on the mantilla? The establishment of 12 December as the feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe would have to wait until Pope Benedict XIV in 1754. "Our ancestors are represented through her; she represents us.. Last Saturday morning in New York City, a group of volunteers from Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church at St. Bernards were undeterred as snow drifted down and the temperature dropped to 33 degrees. You can tell its the Virgin of Guadalupe by the way she is dressed in a cloak, Maria Julieta Baez, a West New York resident, said in Spanish. The story of Our Lady of Guadalupe was a driving factor in the conversion of Mexicos indigenous people to Catholicism. One of the really strange aspects of this painting is that not only is the tilma not sized, but there is absolutely no protective coating of varnish. Obviously enough, the most important aspect of the event is that image, miraculously created by God in the moment immediately before Juan let the flowers drop to the floor. She is known by many names: Nuestra Seora de Guadalupe, La Virgen de Guadalupe, Empress of the Americas, Our Lady of Tepeyac and, most commonly in the United States, Our Lady of Guadalupe. Social media users shared links from RCatholics.com and Matrix Drops, the former dated 7 August 2017 and the latter with no easily discernible date. We provide news about the Church and the world, as seen through the teachings of the Catholic Church. on writs of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit [july 8, 2020] justice alito delivered the opinion of the court. She communicates with glyphs as the indigenous did. As is well known, the doctrine of Marys Immaculate Conception has been the subject of much debate, even after Pope Pius IXs declaration of it as dogma in 1854. She wanted this indigenous neophyte to go to the bishop and make this request. The bishop still did not heed this revelation, but he was intrigued enough to order his servants to follow Juan Diego to see if it really was a heavenly lady with whom he was conversing. As Christmas delivers its message that Christ is born, her consoling message remains: God has not forgotten you. Copyright 2023. WebA physicist who has spent years researching the tilma bearing the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe is affirming that there is no scientific explanation for the phenomenon. TRUTH This is true. Matrix Drops cited a 20 December 2011 story for its claims that "NASA scientists" had determined the Virgen de Guadalupeto be alive. These men lost track of him and returned to the bishop, saying that Juan had invented the whole thing. Miracles such as these are not intended to be the Foundation and Proof for anyone's faith. PeggyNoonan.com. This is witchcraft; you are worshiping devils! bellowed Mr. Domenech, 50, of North Bergen, N.J. That remark prompted Maria Cole, one of dozens of people from West New York and nearby who had come to pray and lay flowers and votive candles by the tree, to charge at Mr. Domenech. The image depicts the Virgin Mary according to the mystery of her most pure conception. Images and icons of Our Lady of Guadalupe, also known as the Virgin of Guadalupe, are common in Mexican-American culture. Some Catholic scholars, including the former curator of the basilica Monsignor Guillermo Schulemburg, even doubt the historical existence of Juan Diego. If you login and register your print subscription number with your account, youll have unlimited access to the website. How does science explain its existence after 500 years? Her image is seen on murals and in museums, and on trucks and tattoos. Our Lady of Guadalupe is an inextricable part of Mexican and Mexican American culture. Archdiocese of Our Lady of Guadalupe of New Jersey. Devotion to Our Lady of Loreto was, therefore, global and supported at the highest level of Church governance. The story is also unique because it has concrete, relatable elements; the disbelieving bishop, the lowly peasant, and the evidence of the tilma (cloak) that was left behind., Perhaps writer Ana Castillo best sums up the ubiquity and importance of Our Lady of Guadalupe. This story was originally published by ACI Prensa, CNA's Spanish language news partner. TSN.ua. Angel Guaman, left, and Zoila Tene visiting the tree in West New York, N.J., that some believe displays the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Buoyed with this sign, he made his way to the bishops palace. We won't rent or sell your information, and you can unsubscribe at any time. In 1979, when Callahan, the Florida biophysicist, was analyzing the tilma using infrared technology, he apparently also discovered that the tilma maintains a constant temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, the same as that of a living person. 79!j#, ^8xv^KYNaqk 98Qo s1m_5[]Qr5'$$yMOer\mILs;e?E>vo`yX$0/h" QC. Our Lady of Guadalupe has at times been utilized as a social justice icon, her image evoked by everyone from Cesar Chavez in the 1970s to immigration reform activists in the 2000s. It was growing in the Valley of Mexico, but was still numbered as one among the city and regions other favorite devotions. People who create sites like those claim we believe the most absurd things but it's interesting how they try to dissaprove what we believe in the weirdest ways. At the site of what some believe is a miracle, prayers of the faithful and shouts of the skeptical have grown louder as word of the trees distinctive knot has spread since its discovery this month. A sash around her waist indicates that she is expecting a child, which is a rare depiction of the Virgin Mary as pregnant. Consequently, when the clerical elite of Mexico City with the support of the cathedral chapter and the Bishop of Puebla, the highest ranking cleric with the See of Mexico vacant at the time, decided to petition the Holy See in 1663 for recognition of their cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe and the establishment of 12 December as the official feast throughout the Spanish realm, it was an incredibly bold act and without precedent. Those words only begin to examine her complex role and what a faithful man like Juan Diego might have seen in his lifetimeas people were dying at the hands of Spanish conquistadors or suffered slower deaths to diseases introduced by the Spanish. She addressed him tenderly, asking him where he was going. This is supposed to prove something? . Two popes had even given it a Golden Rose. Wondering why we ask for your email, or having trouble registering. Relationship Counseling - Marriage resources, Falling in Love Finding God Marriage and the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola, Sacred Heart Seminary and School of Theology, The problem of hatredand how Christians are contributing to it, Jesuit sex abuse expert appointed to Vatican office for child protection. After analyzing the image in 1982 and 1985 they have discovered brush strokes and paint that was used to make the image. Three days later, on Dec. 12, Catholics mark her feast day at Mass. The story of the apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Guadalupe, Mexico is one of high drama and therefore eminently memorable. This presents aninexplicable phenomenon because all such pigments are semi-permanent and known to be subject to considerable fadingwith time, especially in hot climates. Margaret Hebblethwaite, a theologist and expert on the Vatican and Latin America, sided with the prelates. Its the shape of the Virgin Guadalupe, she marveled. . She is the one who supports us, helps us, and protects us. At his church, there will be special masses, a serenata (serenade), matachines (dancers), a procession, and the singing of the traditional song Las Maanitas, in celebration of Our Lady of Guadalupe. The blue mantle, however, is bright enough to have been laid last week. Then He threw in some extra bits. If youre already a subscriber or donor, thank you! What do you think? [1] A more detailed examination of what follows can be found in my forthcoming article: The Historica narratio (1663) of Our Lady of Guadalupe by Francisco de Siles: A Study and Transcription of the Latin Text in Chig. "NASA Found An Icon With A Temperature Of 36.6 And A Pulse." Looking around, he suddenly saw a beautiful young woman, a queen, or at least a princess. Mr. Roque said he would appoint a commission this week to discuss how to proceed. during a formal investigation of the cloth in 1556, it was stated that the image was "painted yesteryear by an Indian," specifically "the Indian painter Marcos." I see these researchers in a lab, placing the tilma beneath infra-red lamps or carefully removing a section to dissolve and inject into a gas chromatograph. Many readers may more readily recognize her European counterparts, Lourdes and Fatima, but she appeared almost 500 years ago in what is now Mexico. We ask readers to log in so that we can recognize you as a registered user and give you unrestricted access to our website. Her story may not be well-known in places without Mexican-American communities, but to so many, her utterances to Juan Diego are retold as history. If they are false, how does that prove that God doesn't exist? | David Ramos/CNA, 'God really intervened': How a Catholic priest escaped from his kidnappers in Haiti. [quote name='jasJis' date='Feb 12 2005, 10:14 AM'] If they do nothing for you, how can they serve to disprove the existence of God? They have no bearing one way or another on my personal relationship with God. This was unusual because it was winter and flowers were not in season. As soon as we opened that back area, people swarmed there after Mass to be with her, Father Garcia said. . Scientists have also found that the temperature of the cloth is always 36.6 degrees, the body temperature of a healthy person. JUREZ, Mxico (Border Report) Mientras copos de nieve caan sobre sus espaldas, un grupo de personas en fila afuera de la Catedral de Nuestra Seora de Guadalupe en Jurez bromeaban y conversaban. ed., Tucson, AZ 2017; D.A. Catholics, non-Catholics and even non-believers have found comfort in her, even when she is not on an altar or a church but emblazoned on a pair of dangling earrings or on a muscular forearm. The colors are absolutely incredible - it does not look anything like a 500 year old painting on rough cloth which should have deteriorated over 400 years ago! Was the image painted or fabricated by human hands? In the face of centuries of devotion, ecclesiastical research and plans to make him a saint next year, Mr Schulenburg said that Diego had never existed except as a tool to convert native Americans. On the morning of Nov. 14, 1921, a bomb was detonated in the Basilica of Guadalupe. StephenMetzger is Assistant Scriptorat the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Nor are there two or three images placed one on top of the other, as some claim, he explained. You can also manage your account details and your print subscription after logging in. [i] The truly phenomonal thing about the face and hands is the tonal quality which is as much a physical effect from the light refelcting off the coarse tilma as the paint itself. He did so the next day with the same result. On the back of it is a Mexican flag. The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol, 1531-1797, rev. But more recent studies of the image has yielded more earthly proof of its origins. For many of us, growing up, God was an invisible, strict figure. Nonetheless, he followed her instructions and discovered an array of Castilian roses. This may have already been mentioned: The cloth that her image was painted on always deteriorated within a very short amount of time because it was As far as the reflection in the eyes of the Lady, it said that the indian she visited is in the reflection. They don't move, they don't dilate., Chvez explained that they're misinterpreting something that an ophthalmologist, Enrique Graue, noted, namely that the eyes seem to be human, in the sense that they look like a photo of a human being, with the depth and reflection of a human eye.. Unfortunately, Juan spent that day caring for his uncle who was gravely ill. Still, many are unconvinced. My faith and beliefs are not based on these 'miracles'. Nickell, Joe, and John F. Fischer. Rosales concluded that the image did not originate supernaturally but was instead the work of an artist who used the materials and methods of the sixteenth century (El Vaticano 2002). Webour lady of guadalupe school, petitioner 19267 . Ms. Lopez said that in 2003 she was one of thousands who saw a tree stump found in a Passaic junkyard that many believed also looked like Our Lady of Guadalupe (that shrine was vandalized in May of this year). On the basis of strong circumstantial evidence, not least that the chapter voted to petition Rome in May 1663 on behalf of their cult of Guadalupe, it is clear that this document was part of a large dossier sent to Rome, by way of Seville, some time that summer. These were cultural elites of mixed ancestry who were proud of their heritage and wished to distinguish themselves not only from their Spanish rulers but also from the cultural elites of European ancestry both in Spain and in New Spain. Somebody actually tried to convince me that Christianity was false by trying to prove that Constantine didn't actually see a cross in the sky A legend is written by the majority of the people in the village who are sane. In the 500 years since Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared, the image of Our Lady has become the subject of several popular myths and legends, especially in Mexico, where she appeared. Matrix Drops. Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition across Five Centuries, Cambridge 2001. When Juan Diego showed the bishop his cloak, the roses tumbled out and on the inside of the cloak was an image of the Virgin Mary. The story goes like this: In December 1531, ten years after the conquest of Mexico at the hands of Hernn Corts, a native convert was making his way to his catechism class. He is also director of the Institute for Guadalupan Studies. . In other words, it is the proof for the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, anticipating Mary's revelation at Lourdes by over 200 years. The Partial Collapse of the Critique of Biopower Under the Weight of the Pandemic, Remembering and Misremembering Vatican II, The Virgin of Guadalupe and the Season of Advent. She was celebrated by the U.S. Chicano civil rights movement in the 1960s and 70s, and she has been seen more recently in immigrant rights and Black Lives Matter marches. When I first saw bullet points about this image I was immediately fascinated. A 2010 Skeptoid item summarized Callahan's findings less sensationally (transposing the date of the research in 1979 [PDF] with its publication in 1981), adding that subsequent analysis did not support any supernatural elements: The most notable examination was a three hour infrared photographic session by Philip Callahan in 1981, who did note multiple layers of paint covering changes to the hands and crown, but came away with more questions than answers. On the morning of December 12, the vision appeared again to Juan Diego and directed him to gather flowers at the top of the hill. "Indigenista Hermeneutics And The Historical Meaning Of Our Lady Of Guadalupe Of Mexico ." . Shes still hearing us, Ms. Rosas said, and still sending us blessings.. I have covered Pope Francis' trips to Ecuador, Paraguay, Mexico, Colombia, Chile, and Peru. H`RVJ'q+:_@V|q-: h5[`P_ Mexicos Image of Guadalupe is a sixteenth-century depiction of the Virgin Mary that, according to pious legend, she imprinted miraculously on an Aztec It gets filled with the good things we do and emptied with the bad. This is Pope Francis prayer intention for the month of March, God really intervened: How a Catholic priest escaped from his kidnappers in Haiti, Bishop Paprocki, Archbishop Naumann speak out in support of Traditional Latin Mass goers in their dioceses, Decline in vocations to the priesthood is worse where priests serve larger flocks, report says. EIN: 22-2306795, Email us at webhelp@skepticalinquirer.org. Lets not forget all the marvels that are still difficult to explain. 13 September 2010. It instantly became this wonderful, intimate prayer spot where they could interact with her., [Related: Our Lady of Guadalupe is the subject of a new film. v. darryl biel, as personal representative of the . Making Diego a saint is just storing up trouble for the future.". It's logical that marble, stone, wood, and fabric have different temperatures, he said. people, women and others in the Catholic Church, Cardinal Cupich: Critics of Pope Francis Latin Mass restrictions should listen to JPII, Albany diocese places hold on all Traditional Latin Masses except at Jesuit martyrs shrine, 5 lessons from Pope Francis commitment to Muslim-Catholic dialogue. [7] F. Gonzlez Fernndez, La Virgen de Guadalupe de Mxico y el indio Juan Diego, mito, smbolo o historia? in LOsservatore Romano. Interview: Whats it like to photograph Pope Francis? Diego's dark skin and humble origins coupled with the Virgin's image on his cloak was a gift for missionaries. [5] S. Poole, Our Lady of Guadalupe. I prayed for my daddy to come home.. estate of kristen biel . February 11, 2005 in Debate Table, [b]Socrates[/b] had introduced me to the miracle of the Lady of Guadalupe. Anyone can read what you share. this helps us promote a safe and accountable online community, and allows us to update you when other commenters reply to your posts. Roman Catholics in Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America believe that the Virgin Mary appeared to Juan Diego, an Aztec convert to Catholicism, in the 16th century. "Th mantle is a dark torquois blue . With all the commotion, Mr. Roque proposed transplanting the 20-foot tree with fan-shaped leaves to a nearby park. Only with the original does a perfect harmony emerge, with a symphonic arrangement. When you register, youll get unlimited access to our website and a free subscription to our email newsletter for daily updates with a smart, Catholic take on faith and culture from, A young girl plays the role of Our Lady of Guadalupe during the Honor Your Mother Festival and parade in Phoenix, 2021. `nPU`G1#_N-0~"tVO^A Z-5OX$dNe<5s8u{W:{uz-{#;vt+b4z-4{ut|/&|#a+-Ywt),UTEj[j fr/bm;+vQjEB\J>^rK$j]gOuZ21R}qRErlEZS>4>+KdQ,i"7c jY This was probably the Aztec painter Marcos Cipac de Aquino who was active in Mexico at the time the Image of Guadalupe appeared. The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe has never dimmed in Latin America and the United States. Young volunteers dressed as Juan Diego, before our Lady of Guadalupe procession in New York City. We contacted NASA to ask about the rumor, but have not yet received a response. Logging in will also give you access to commenting features on our website. She has been part of Mexican life for almost 500 years, and thats why both believers and non-believers respect her image," said Gutierrez.

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